成为假卡代购机票的下线,如何定罪?

假卡代购是theft , 根据 CLCA 130 的定义, property 包括 Money,deal with 包括 takes, 这种行为according to the standard of ordinary people是没有经过所有者(owner)同意的。所以假卡代购在法律上是一种,不被社区认可的,没有经过卡所有者同意,拿走了卡所有者的money的行为。

如果成为假卡代购的下线被抓,根据CLCA s131(1)检察官DPP首先需要证明你知道这种行为是dishonest, 并且beyond reasonable doubt。 如果DPP不能证明你是知道这是假卡代购机票,或者不能排除你以为是在办理其他业务,比如里程票的业务。而你实际上在不知情的情况下,参与了假卡代购机票。那么不能满足Fault 中dishonest 的定义。法院无法给你直接定罪。

但是如果你知情的情况下,就算你没有实际上盗刷信用卡,可以通过你上线的行为给你定罪。定罪的方式以便是考虑到complicity 同谋的概念,确定你为犯罪的同谋就可以定相同的罪行。 确定你为同谋在南澳州一般有4条途径,2条是common law 确定的途径,2条是statutory 确立的途径。(avenues to Criminal liability via complicity)

Common law 确定的途径包括。

  1. Acting in Concert (Joint enterprise)

如果你参与了这个信用卡盗刷的计划,那么便可以用common law 里面的Acting in Concert 来确定你是同谋。

你满足了同谋的2个行为要件 1.参与了犯罪活动的安排 (Participation in an understanding or arrangement to commit a crime),2 在犯罪活动发生的时候,你constructively 在场 (presence at the scene of the crime )。

你的行为满足作为同谋的Fault 要件。 你有参与盗窃信用卡的犯罪意图。(have the mental state required for conviction of the principal offence)

2. Doctrine of Common purpose

如果你收了客户的钱以后给了上线,上线出的票给被发现是盗用信用卡,票给取消了。客户的钱上线也不退还给客户。那么你是theft 你客户钱的一个环节,虽然一开始,你不准备theft 你的客户,只是theft 被盗信用卡的。然后上线不退还你客户的钱。虽然你没有欺骗你的客户的犯罪意图,但是你也会被charge.

你满足了同谋的2个行为要件 1. 参与实施了一个基础的罪行。(Acting in concert pursuant to a common criminal enterprise to commit the foundational offence)2. 这个偷窃行为是服从于原犯罪计划或者是在原犯罪计划范围之类的。(incidental offence is committed pursuant to the common plan or within the scope of common enterprise)

你的行为也满足作为同谋的fault 要件。盗窃你客户的行为是一个可以预见的可能性。 这种可能性不是说你的客户的钱可能被你的上线盗窃,而是说你的上线可能盗窃你客户的钱。检查官可以从你已经做得和已经知道的事实中推断这种可能性 (inferences must be made from “wat the accused is proved to have done and have known”。这种可能性超出了理论上的可能性,有一定的发生概率。“the foresight of possibility does not mean that the secondary party will be liable for theoretical possibilities almost by default” .”liability will not extend to contemplation that was only fleeting and which was genuinely dismissed by him or her as a negligible risk. Instead requiring that the incidental offence be foreseen as more than a fanciful possibility or one which the accused dismissed as negiligible.  Miller v The Queen

AACP (Aiding ,Abetting, Counselling, Procuring ) 是一条成文法(statutory)确立共同犯罪的途径

如果你只是把这种假卡代购机票的信息发到了你的群里,或者默许这种信息发到你的群里,赚取一定的广告费。这种情况也是可以被定为同案犯的。 CLCA s267 规定 “A person who aids, abets, counsels or procures the commission of an offence is liable to be prosecuted and punished as a principal offender”

这种行为满足了conduct 的要件

  • “All the words aiding, abetting, counselling and procuring” are instances of one general idea, that the person charged as principal is in some way linked in purpose with the person actually committing the crime, and is by his words or conduct doing something to bring about ,or rendering more likely, such commission. Russell cited with approval in Giorgianni v R

你的行为和实际犯罪人产生了联系,这种行为让犯罪更有可能发生。不需要有和上线同样的犯罪意图。 The key is not an agreement. The Key for liability is the decision of accessary to intentionally contribute to another person’s offence. Attorney-General’s Reference

  • Aiding, 检查官可以证明证明你在偷窃发生的现场 (Presence or constructive presence )R v McCarthy and Ryan. 虽然你不在盗刷信用卡的现场,但是检查官可以说你也在网上,是contructive presence, 把你定罪。 需要你对犯罪行为提供了帮助,providing support, help, or assistance toward the commission of the principal offence. Thambiah v R . 你给假卡代购发广告的行为就构成了帮助犯罪实施。
  • Abetting , 和Aiding 一样检查官可以证明你contructive presence. 你虽然没有express 但是你的这种帮上线发广告的行为encourage by implication。所以你的行为帮助了犯罪的实施。R v Coney, R v Russel, Clarkson
  • Counselling, 你的行为encourage 你上线实际犯罪行为的发生。Stuart v R
  • Procuring , Causation is required for procuring. (substantial and operating cause) Attorney-General’s Reference

你的行为也满足fault 的要件。 你故意帮助这个犯罪行为的实施并且你知道上线的行为是犯罪。intentionally aid, abet, counsel or procure the acts of the principal offender and have knowledge of all the essential facts which make the principal offence a crime. 根据giorgiani 的判例,你不需要有full offence 的intention, 只需要intention to AACP.  只需要很低的level of knowledge 就可以判罪。

但是如果是你的群,别人加进入发广告,你没有处理, recklessness , 这种情况是不可以判罪的。

Recklessness is not enough. R v Bainbridge, 和 Giorgianni v R 

检察官只需要证明你的上线实施了犯罪行为,但是不需要convicted。 osland v r, Likiardopoulos v r

另外一条成为确立成为同谋犯罪的途径是,CLCA s241 规定阻碍调查取证或者协助嫌疑人逃跑都是同谋罪。

 

 

 

 

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