技术移民中的相关疑难问题

澳洲技术移民打分表

工作经验的计分方法

技术移民当中很重要的一个打分项目是关于工作经验的加分。 原来移民局工作经验的加分都是依据职业评估机构的看法。有的职业评估机构，会扣减申请一段时间的工作经验，然后申请人申请签证的时候就会发现分数不足的问题。 比如原来申请人有5年的工作经验，可以加10分，经过职业评估机构评估后减去了3年，客户就变成2年的工作经验了，变成了没有加分了。 而移民局这种做法实际上是和移民法规定相冲突的。移民法的规定是根据ANZSCO职业定义字典的要求，只要申请人获得相关学历后的工作经验都可以算。现在移民局终于改邪归正，把对工作经验的要求改为只要在相关职位工作就行，因为移民法并没有规定在相关职位工作需要有相关的技能。

根

所以申请人，特别是189的申请人，分数的高低是一个很关键的因素，给自己加分的时候可以更大胆一点。

Part 6D.4 规定了在一个 closely related skilled occupation 也可以加分。

那什么是closely related skilled occupation 呢？

首先skilled occupation 是一个定义词汇。

根据Reg 1.15I Skilled occupation
(1) A skilled occupation, in relation to a person, means an occupation of a kind:

(a) that is specified by the Minister in an instrument in writing to be a skilled occupation; and

(b) if a number of points are specified in the instrument as being available — for which the number of points are available; and

(c) that is applicable to the person in accordance with the specification of the occupation.

(2) Without limiting subregulation (1), the Minister may specify in the instrument any matter in relation to an occupation, or to a class of persons to which the instrument relates, including:

(a) that an occupation is a skilled occupation for a class of persons;

(b) that an occupation is a skilled occupation for a person who is nominated by a State or Territory government agency.

也就是说只有在清单上的职业才可以称作skilled occupation.

但是closely related 这个词并不是定义词汇。移民局的解释根据Pam10.5 Closely related occupations
Applicants can claim points for employment in their nominated skilled occupation or a closely related skilled occupation in the 10 years immediately preceding the date of the invitation to apply for the visa. Although skilled employment experience within the 10 years immediately before the time of invitation to apply for the visa, would generally involve work in the applicant’s nominated skilled occupation, it is also policy to award points to applicants if their career has advanced, or the occupation has evolved in the relevant period. In these circumstances, to be awarded points, the claimed employment will need to be in a skilled occupation that is closely related to the applicant’s nominated skilled occupation.

Under ANZSCO, occupations are grouped together to form “unit groups”. Generally, all unit groups are at one skill level. Skill level is defined as a function of the range and complexity of the set of tasks performed in a particular occupation, and is generally measured by the required level or amount of formal education and training, previous experience in a related occupation, or on the job training.

Under policy, closely related skilled occupations are those occupations that fall within one unit group classified under ANZSCO. For example, if an applicant’s nominated occupation is Accountant (General) (221111) and the applicant has provided evidence of skilled employment in the occupations of Management Accountant (221112) and Taxation Accountant (221113), decision makers should consider these periods of employment as closely related for the purpose of awarding points.

For the purpose of awarding points, an applicant’s skilled employment experience can be in their nominated occupation or any closely related skilled occupation that appears on the skilled occupation list/s applicable to the visa subclass for which they have applied, see regulation 1.15I.

也就是说移民局只接受one unit group 中的工作经验。

但是Talha v MIBP [2015] FCAFC 115 对于ANZSCO 的structure 有了非常好的解释。

para 22:

22. It is important to understand the structure of the ANZSCO Code.  It is divided into five “hierarchical levels”.  Jobs are described at the most detailed level of classification as “occupations”.  “Occupations” are then grouped together at a higher level of granularity to form “unit groups”, which in turn are grouped into “minor groups”.  Minor groups are then aggregated to form “sub-major groups”, which in turn are aggregated at the highest level of granularity to form “major groups”.  Significantly, in many cases, differing tasks are described at various levels of the hierarchy.

比如 23391 Engineering technologist 这个提名职业

Unit group 是 2339 Other Engineering professionals

Minor Group 是 233 Engineering Professional

Sub major group 是 23 Design, Engineering, Science and Transport Professionals

Major group 是 2 Professionals

Para 52 FC 要求AAT 在考虑一个课程和一个提名职业是

52. In our view, the Tribunal fell into jurisdictional error by confining its approach to the weighing up of Mr Talha’s Australian studies against the tasks for an Engineering Technologist as set out in Unit Group 2339 and in the occupation of Engineering Technologist. Notably, it made no reference to other potentially relevant tasks as described elsewhere in the ANZSCO Code relating to Engineering Professionals, which included Engineering Technologists. Having regard to the structure of the ANZSCO Code, as outlined above, the Tribunal ought to have regard to all potentially relevant tasks which were applicable to the occupation of Engineering Technologist and not simply confine itself to the relatively narrow statement of tasks in the relevant unit group or at the lower level of the specific occupation. In particular, the Tribunal ought to have included in the evaluative exercise the relevant tasks applicable to Engineering Professionals (Minor Group 233), of which Unit Group 2339 formed part. As is evident from the extract at [26] above, those tasks included many matters which, on their face, had a relationship with many of the courses completed by Mr Talha in his Australian studies. That was the essential point which Mr Talha made in his written statement, which was considered by the Tribunal, but which then failed to appreciate the significance to its task of the information in the higher groupings (which supported Mr Talha’s individual claims). The Tribunal erred in not taking into account the relevant information in those higher groupings. It adopted an unduly narrow and legally erroneous approach to its task, which involved jurisdictional error. Its error meant that it failed to discharge its statutory review obligation under s 348 of the Migration Act 1958 (Cth).

如果也就是说确认两个职业是否紧密相关需要考虑 两个职业的relevant all potential tasks 不一定是需要前四位相关的one unit group 里的两个职业。

比如 internal auditor 221421, accountant 221111, external auditor 221213 这个都不是同一个unit group 里的职业。但是根据 Talha v MIBP [2015] FCAFC 115的法官的意见，都是可以认为紧密相关的。最近的AAT判例也支持这种说法  ： Anureet (Migration) [2023] AATA 3790 (24 October 2023)

同理 university lecturer 242111, secondary school teacher 241411 在比较potential tasks 后也可以argue 成紧密相关。

但是不遵循移民局的Policy 是有很大的拒签风险的，如果在由于分数低无法收到邀请，和有机会AAT博一下之间选择，我宁愿选择后者。

会计相关工作经验

会计毕业生其实挺难一开始就找到会计工作，大部分是从公司做book keeper 或者payroll officer, accountant clerk, 这些其实在ANZSCO的定义中都不符合会计的定义。一般公司也不会雇佣一个全职的会计。 所以大部分中介对这种工作经验都很认为不能通过经验加分。即使你的工作reference 写的再天花乱坠，也认为通过移民局审查拿到经验分的希望是渺茫的。

我们志杰移民的看法是，法律上的确不符合要求，但实际上有可能通过。如果没有其他办法，不妨一试。

我们的依据是，移民局的签证官是分签证类别培训的，所以会有各种各样的中心，比如阿德雷德的学生签证中心，墨尔本的RSMS，ENS，雇主担保签证审理中心， 布里斯班的GSM 技术移民中心。然后移民局培训签证官时写了PAM，（签证官培训手册） 签证官关于签证的知识就是从这个手册里来的。 关于ANZSCO定义的培训只有在培训雇主担保类签证的移民官时才会详细说，其他的签证官都不会有这方面的培训，有也是一笔带过。所以GSM类别签证官对这个 accounting clerk 和 accountant， cook and fast food cook, superviser and manager 这些细微的差别都不会太了解，这就增加了蒙混过关的可能。

所以，真的缺这个工作经验的同学不妨一试

工作证明的要求

据我们的经验，移民局一般核查的工作证明都是写的比较泛泛的一类。如果想让签证下签快，不想让移民局派人核查。工作证明一定要写的比较具体。

比如，marketing manager 的工作证明

如果只写directing the development and implementation of sales strategies and setting sales targets in order to maximise an organisation’s sales and customer loyalty

这样就不是太好，

要写 e.g. direct and development bundling sales strategy for our XXX products and XXX products. Set sales targets for our different sales team and products line includes XXX,XXX.

总而言之，越具体，越不会被核查。

关于PY加分

7月1日起就读ACS的PY和Accounting 的 PY一样也是需要申请提供IELTS 6666的成绩才能入读。毕业以后，4年有效，有效期内可以获得5分加分

Where a Professional Year program was completed, meaning finished, within the 48 month period prior to the time of invitation, you may be awarded 5 points. To avoid any doubt, you could have commenced the Professional Year at a time before the 48 months prior to invitation. The time you “completed” a Professional Year is the date listed on your official Record of Completion which is issued by the authorised body or Professional Year program delivery partner.

Effective as of 1st July 2020 – ALL of students must adhere to ACS entry requirements.

According to the new ACS Framework Entry Requirements. All of students enrolling into the PY Program must have a current and valid IELTS ensuring they meet the specific band scores prior to commencing the course.

IELTS must have been undertaken within 3 years, prior to the PY course commencement and must have the correct test score band levels (ie IELTS overall 6 and minimum 6 in each band, PTE overall 50 and no band below 50)

澳洲学习加分

Reg 1.15F    Australian study requirement

(1)  A person satisfies the Australian study requirement if the person satisfies the Minister that the person has completed 1 or more degrees, diplomas or trade qualifications for award by an Australian educational institution as a result of a course or courses:  

(a)  that are registered courses; and 

(b)  that were completed in a total of at least 16 calendar months; and  

(c)  that were completed as a result of a total of at least 2 academic years study; and 

(d)  for which all instruction was conducted in English; and 

(e)  that the applicant undertook while in Australia as the holder of a visa authorising the applicant to study.

Note:    Academic year is defined in regulation 1.03.

“2年学习” 就是这样一个基本概念。这个概念到底是什么意思是一个多方博弈的结果。 澳洲法律有2个来源，一个是议会通过的或者议会授权政府通过的法令。也叫做成文法。一个是各级法院的判例，各级法律对法律的解释，也叫做判例法。当成文法有歧义的时候，就需要法院解释，产生了判例法，盖住成文法。 如果政府对法院的解释不满意，一般会修改法律，成文法再次盖住判例法，然后又有歧义，再次法院解释，又是判例法，循环往复直到大家都没有争议了为止。

2005 年以前，2年学习的意思是2年的full time stay. 移民局并没有定义这个2年学习，但是政策执行层面就是按full time 的要求来。有点像现在482签证或者186/187 签证中对于工作经验的要求。 没有明确定义，但是政策执行层面就是澳full time 来执行。

2005年左右，一个法院的判例说明2年学习就是2年学习本来的意思，并没有说一定要2年full time 学习。这一下把移民法撕开一个大口子，把很多来读1.5年甚至读1年挂科的同学都纳入到2年学习的队伍中来。

政府收到这个判例不久，应该是2006年就修改了法律，要求申请人必须2年full time , 学习时间按照课程注册时间来。又回到了政府原来的立场。但是这个定义也有他的问题。关于注册时间和免课关系没有说清楚。RPL掉的学分可以算作2年学习么。 比如2年的课程，给免了1年的学分这种，又拖成2年读完这种情况能算2年么。 移民局当然认为不算，这个政策一直是执行直到碰到了Riaz同学。直到2015年，是否可以获得2年学习资格都是一个算术题，有一个计算公式。 公式为 总课程学分-减免的学分=已经学的课程学分

（已经学的课程学分/总课程学分）*课程在教育部注册的长度=实际所修时间

实际所修时间 >92 就认为是2年学习。 当然还有一些其他要求，比如课程实际时长>16 个月，英文授课等。

2013 年，申请人Riaz 就碰到了这个问题，一口气打到了高级联邦法庭。 终于在2015年赢得了历史性的胜利。以后RPL 免课的同学也可以算2年。比如我们原来说的那种2年课程给免了一年学分又拖成2年毕业的这种情况，也都获得了2年学习的认可，也就获得了申请485签证，移民加分的资格。 在Riaz 这个决定后， 我们刚才提到的计算公式完全没有继续存在的必要。

边远地区学习加分

Part 6D.10    Study in designated regional area qualification

Item	At the time of invitation to apply for the visa …	Number of points
6D101	each of the following applied: (a)  the applicant met the Australian study requirement; (b)  the location of the campus or campuses at which that study was undertaken is in a designated regional area; (c)  while the applicant undertook the course of study the applicant lived in a designated regional area; (d)  none of the study undertaken constituted distance education.	5

在澳洲的边远地区的学校完成2年澳洲学习是可以获得额外的5分加分。但是这个5分加分的要求很苛刻。需要同时满足以下这些条件才可以加这个5分。

1 申请人必须满足2年学习的要求

2 学校必须在偏远地区

3 上课（the course of study) 的时候，申请人必须住在边远地区。 结合Reg 1.15F  (e)的要求 undertook the course of study 是特指 Australian study 的这部分学习, 所以我们认为6D101也是指的是完成Australian Study 的这部分而不是全部课程必须在偏远地区。

4 同理，必须不能是远程教育（网课）的这个6D101d 这个the study 也是指的Australian study 的定义，也就是满足16个月，92周注册课程的study.

 

比如在中国上网课的学生，如果除去网课的那部分时间，也可以可以满足Australian Study的要求的话，那么这个学生就可以加这个偏远地区的5分。

关于边远地区加分这个是一个time of decision 的考虑

Patel (Migration) [2023] AATA 896 (23 February 2023)

51. In relation to subparagraph (b) of Part 6D.10, reference to a location specified by the Minister in a legislative instrument has been replaced by reference, instead, to the location of the campus being in a ‘designated regional area’. For a visa application lodged prior to 20 January 2021, the term ‘designated regional area’ is defined in reg 1.15M of the Regulations to mean ‘(a) a designated city or major regional centre; or (b) a regional centre or other regional area’. Regulation 1.15M states that the Minister may, by legislative instrument specify a part of Australia to be a ‘designated city or major regional centre’ and ‘a regional centre or other regional area’. Relevantly, LIN 22/022 specifies all postcodes in Western Australia. Accordingly, the Tribunal is satisfied that the location of the campus where Mr Patel undertook his Diploma and Certificate IV is in a designated regional area.

配偶加分

移民局的内部手册做了如下解释

The partner’s skills

Under 6D.11, 5 points may only be awarded if the spouse or de facto partner of the primary applicant:

• is also an applicant for the same subclass of visa
• is not an Australian citizen or Australian permanent resident
• was under 50 at the time the primary applicant was invited to apply for the visa
• nominated a skilled occupation, being an occupation specified under regulation 1.15I(1)(a) at the time of invitation
• had a suitable skills assessment in their nominated skilled occupation from a relevant assessing authority at the time of invitation and
• had competent English at the time of invitation to apply for the visa.

从字面上看，客户需要职业在1.15I(1)(a) 的定义中。

Reg 1.15I    Skilled occupation

(1)  A skilled occupation, in relation to a person, means an occupation of a kind:

(a)  that is specified by the Minister in an instrument in writing to be a skilled occupation; and

(b)  if a number of points are specified in the instrument as being available — for which the number of points are available; and

(c)  that is applicable to the person in accordance with the specification of the occupation.

1.15 让我们查政府最新的法令看看什么是skilled occupation.

最新的法令是

• LIN 19/051 – Specification of Occupations and Assessing Authorities) Instrument 2019

法令里说

A list mentioned in column 2 of the item is an applicable list for the class of persons.

For the purposes of paragraph 1.15I(1)(a) of the Regulations, each occupation mentioned in column 1 of an item of an applicable list for the class is specified to be a skilled occupation for the class.

所以list 的涵盖关系是MLTSSL>STSOL>ROL.

也就是是主申请人如果在MLTSSL ，那么付申请人必须是MLTSSL上的职业才能加分

如果主申请选ROL的职业，那么附申请人可以是任何一张清单上的职业.

NAATI 加分

大家都知道NAATI证书持有者可以获得社区语言加分。NAATI 证书有3 年 有效期。 原来通过NAATI的内部考试拿到证书的同学，如果NAATI认证过期了，是否能获得社区语言加分？

志杰移民认为是可以的。

和原来职业评估没有有效期的理由一样。 移民局原来在制定法律的时候并没有规定申请人必须持有有一个有效的职业评估，所以Positive的职业评估结果，就算是失效的，也可以用来做签证申请。后来移民局意识到了这个问题，在最近的一次移民法更新中修正了这个问题，现在职业评估结果才有了有效期最多3年的规定。

但是移民局并没有修正关于NAATI证书认证的时间问题。 所以现在的移民法对NAATI证书还是没有时效的规定。也就是说，就算NAATI证书已经过期了，但是还是可以claim 这个社区语言的5分。

所以如果只是为了移民，完全没有必要花钱转换证书，某中介说的证书到期之后就变成一张废纸是不对的。 证书到期之后同样可以给EOI 加分。

在 Thapa 诉 Minister for Immigration [2021] FCCA 686 的案件中，联邦巡回法庭倾向于将“邀请时”解释为包括整个邀请期，即邀请日起的60天期限。

关于邀请时是什么意思？

2018年12月11日，申请人Thapa受邀申请189类签证，职业为会计师（普通）。他的申请后来被移民部拒绝，并由行政上诉法庭(AAT)确认，认为他由澳新特许会计师颁发的技能评估不够。Thapa v Minister for Immigration [2021] FCCA 686

该技能评估的日期是2015年9月21日。之后，他在2019年1月10日完成了另一个技能评估。

这一问题被上诉到澳大利亚联邦巡回法庭，讨论了“邀请时”的解释。

裁决结果

毋庸置疑，申请人在“邀请时”并没有持有有效的技能评估。

申请人在“邀请期”内申请并获得了第二个技能评估。也就是说，在获得邀请通知后的60天内。根据 Berenguel 的判决，法庭采纳了“邀请时”这个措辞，而不是“邀请日期”，因此在邀请期内获得的技能评估应该被接受。

在第30段，法庭明确指出，如果法规的意图是指具体的邀请日期，那么必须使用明确的措辞。

邀请时的这种法庭给的宽限能否适用于英文成绩？

语言要求和职业评估要求不同，不仅有移民法schedule 2 的要求还有移民条例 Mig reg.的定义要求。

对于递交签证时候需要的英文 Reg 1.15C 是这样定义的：

Reg 1.15C    Competent English

(1)  A person has competent English if: 

(a)  the person undertook a language test, specified by the Minister in an instrument in writing for this paragraph; and

(b)  the person is an applicant for a visa; and

(ba)  for a person who was invited (or whose spouse or de facto partner was invited) by the Minister under these Regulations, in writing, to apply for the visa — the test was conducted in the 3 years immediately before the date of the invitation; and

(bb)  for a person to whom paragraph (ba) does not apply — the test was conducted in the 3 years immediately before the day on which the application was made; and

(c)  the person achieved a score specified in the instrument.

因为明确定义了英文必须在邀请的date 前提供而不是像sch 2 那样泛泛而谈： 比如 189.223

At the time of invitation to apply for the visa, the applicant had competent English.

所以英文成绩是不可以在获邀后补的。

雅思的单科补考One skill retake 是否可以被接受？

目前移民局网站上的信息是 https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/help-support/meeting-our-requirements/english-language

For Australian visa purposes, the Department will accept IELTS test results that include OSR, with the exception of applications for subclasses 476, 482, and 485, which need scores from a single sitting/attempt.

根据LIn 24/021

Specified period and requirements

For subparagraphs 476.213(a)(ii) and 485.212(1)(a)(ii) of Schedule 2 to the Migration Regulations, the following period and requirements are specified:

(a) the applicant achieved the specified test scores within 1 year before the day on which the visa application was made; and

(b) unless the test was an OET, the test scores were achieved in a single sitting.

的确不能接受IELTS OSR

同理 根据IMMI 18/032: Language Test Requirements—Subclass 482 Visa

) The language test requirements for an applicant for a Subclass 482 (Temporary Skill Shortage) visa (other than an exempt applicant) are:

 (a) the applicant took an approved English language test on a particular day (the test day); and

 (b) the applicant achieved the required test scores for the approved English language test taken by the applicant on the test day in a single attempt at that test; and

 (c) the test day is not more than 3 years before the day on which the applicant provided evidence of the matter mentioned in paragraph (b).

从IMMI 18/032: Language Test Requirements—Subclass 482 Visa 的规定来看是最严格的，连OET都不接受2次拼分。