经常有客户碰到这种情况，申请人和原配偶已经离婚或者分居了。申请人需要带上未成年子女来澳洲，但是原配偶不配合，不同意未成年子女来澳洲。
这种情况只有通过法律的诉讼才能解决。一般是在未成年的子女的常驻地进行诉讼。但是由于种种原因，如果不愿意在子女的常住地提起诉讼，有没有可能在澳洲利亚的家庭法院提起诉讼？
回答这个问题，分为2种情况，如果子女的常驻国家是1996 child protection convention (HCCH)的签约国， 那么更加Family law Act 1975 Section 111CD(1)(c) 澳洲法院是没有司法管辖权的。
https://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s111cd.html
Jurisdiction relating to the person of a child
(1) A court may exercise jurisdiction for a Commonwealth personal protection measure only in relation to:
(a) a child who is present and habitually resident in Australia; or
(b) a child who is present in Australia and habitually resident in a Convention country, if:
(i) the child‘s protection requires taking the measure as a matter of urgency; or
(ii) the measure is provisional and limited in its territorial effect to Australia; or
(iii) the child is a refugee child; or
(iv) a request to assume jurisdiction is made to the court by, or at the invitation of, a competent authority of the country of the child‘s habitual residence; or
(v) a competent authority of the country of the child‘s habitual residence agrees to the court assuming jurisdiction; or
(vi) the court is exercising jurisdiction in proceedings concerning the divorce or separation of the child‘s parents or the annulment of their marriage (but see subsection (3)); or
(c) a child who is present in a Convention country, if:
(i) the child is habitually resident in Australia; or
(ii) the child has been wrongfully removed from or retained outside Australia and the court keeps jurisdiction under Article 7 of the Child Protection Convention; or
(iii) a request to assume jurisdiction is made to the court by, or at the invitation of, a competent authority of the country of the child‘s habitual residence or country of refuge; or
(iv) a competent authority of the country of the child‘s habitual residence or country of refuge agrees to the court assuming jurisdiction; or
(v) the child is habitually resident in a Convention country and the court is exercising jurisdiction in proceedings concerning the divorce or separation of the child‘s parents or the annulment of their marriage (but see subsection (3)); or
HCCH 的签约国名单如下
https://www.hcch.net/en/instruments/conventions/status-table/?cid=70
中国，香港，台湾都不是HCCH的签约国。
如果遇到了这种情况，只有用ETA 让小朋友先入境澳洲，在澳洲境内递交签证，同时去FCC 起诉。
根据 S111CD(1)(a) The child is habitually resident in Australia; FCC 会有jurisdiction 司法管辖权。
Habitually resident 是什么意思？
如果参考 加拿大法院的判决 https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/fl-lf/divorce/rhro_cl/p2.html， 主要考虑的是future intention, 那么在澳洲递交了一个子女签证就可以表明这个intention, 在澳洲递交子女签证后一般会有1年多的过桥签证状态，一年多的澳洲居住加上这个101子女签证申请永久居留的Intention 应该可以满足hatitually resident 的要求。
In Adderson c. Adderson[24], Laycraft C.J.A. stated: “The term “habitual residence” seems to have come into Canadian law from the Hague Conventions adopted by the Hague Conference on Private International Law”
. Laycraft C.J.A. opined that the term was introduced, at least in part, “to avoid the rigid and arbitrary rules which have come to surround the concept of “domicile”. While “domicile” is concerned with whether there is a future intention to live elsewhere, “habitual residence” involves only a present intention of residence. There is a weaker animus.”
Although duration of residence is only one factor to be considered in deciding if a person is habitually resident in a place, it is unlikely that habitual residence can be acquired based upon a very brief period of residence, regardless of the person’s intention since habitual residence implies a significant period of presence together with an intention to live in a place [25]. The English Court of Appeal [26] recently has emphasized that habitual residence is primarily a question of fact to be decided by reference to the circumstances of each particular case.
如果是中国的小朋友，父母一方在澳大利亚有没有可能去FCC争取一个小孩的parenting order, 从而让他可以不用双方父母同意就可以来澳洲？
因为中国不是HCCH的签约国，所以根据 S111CD(1)(e)
a child who is present in a non – Convention country, if:
(i) the child is habitually resident in Australia; and
(ii) any of paragraphs 69E(1)(b) to (e) applies to the child; or
也就是说，中国小朋友不在澳洲的话，也不可以在澳洲法院提起诉讼。
复杂一点的情况
如果，小朋友通过ETA 入境，是不用提供1229的，然后接一个子女签证child 101 的申请，这种情况下，澳洲法院就有了管辖权。
如果， 小朋友通过 600 签证入境，提供了伪造签名的1229表格， 那么600签证是受4020条款影响的，并且可以通过S109 进行取消。 子女入境后递交的子女签证的 802 签证也是会受到pic 4020 的影响导致拒签。但是由于是涉及澳洲公民或者永久居民的利亚，有可能可以申请4020豁免来让这个子女签证下签。
父母relocate 到澳洲，需要compelling reason 么？
法院对relocation 这种问题，是不需要父母给出compelling 的理由的， in AMS v AIF and AIF v AMS [1999] HCA 26 , the High court found that where a party with residence wishes to relocate, it is not necessary for that parent to show compelling reasons for the move. The Court will primarily consider the best interests of the child, balanced with the right of the parties to enjoy their freedom of movement.
一般法院会综合考虑以下几个因素来判断是不是同意这个relocate 的请求。
1 The legitimate interests of both parents will be reviewed and the court will identify which proposal is preferable, taking into account the best interests of the child as being paramount.
法院会考虑父母双方的合法权力，把子女的最佳利益当作首要的考虑因素。
2 The Court will consider the need to ensure continuation of the child’s relationship with the other parent.
法院会考虑子女和另一方父母保持关系的需求。
3 Considerations are the benefit to the child of having meaningful relationship with both parents and protecting the child from abuse including psychological harm
考虑子女和父母建立有意义的关系，并且保护子女免于伤害，包括心理伤害。
4 The effect on the child of the separation from the other parent or other persons with whom the child has been living.
父母分开，子女只有其中一方居住对子女的影响
5 The extent to which prior responsibilities toward the child have been fulfilled.
原来对子女的责任都是如何满足的。
A legitimate interest means that the move must be bona fide, that tis the move should be founded on sound reasons such as social, emotional or economic reasons, as opposed to an intention to hinder the other parent from spending time with child.
https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/journals/UWSLawRw/2002/11.html