无英文的黑民如何解决身份问题

第一种解决身份问题的途径是通过配偶签证。

但是移民局为了防止黑民在境内利用配偶签证钻移民局的空子，规定黑民必须满足PIC 3001 才可以获得签证。规定如果申黑民已经超过28天，就需要有compelling reason 来申请配偶签证。但是这个规定也误伤了一些合法的过桥签证持有人。

法院的看法是，申请人必须确有特殊情况能打动移民官豁免3001 要求。

虽然在1996 年法律刚刚颁布的时候给出的解释是 长期的关系可以考虑3001的豁免。

Explanatory Statement for the Migration Regulations (Amendment) 1996 No 75 states that a genuine long-standing relationship may justify waiver because of the hardship which could otherwise result. It also provides that: “The introduction of a waiver provision recognises the hardship that can result if an unlawful non-citizen wishing to remain in Australia on spouse grounds is obliged to leave Australia and apply from overseas.” This emphasises the primary role of hardship in the consideration of “compelling reasons”.

移民界也是这样运作了好多年，后来发展到长期关系还不行，必须有小孩。现在已经发展到，只要你是黑民就不给豁免。移民局最新的PAM规定是

“not intended to facilitate persons who can leave Australia and apply for a partner visa offshore”. Rather, it is aimed at persons who, due to involuntary circumstances beyond their control like illness or incapacity, became unlawful non-citizens and were prevented from regularising their immigration status.

也就是说除非是由于不可抗力，你成了黑民就不能得到豁免。虽然法院对这个问题有不同看法， 法院认为根本就没有这种黑民就不能得到豁免的说法。 比如 Crennan J in Paduano v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCA 211; 143 FCR 204 at [37], stating “there is nothing in the express wording, or the context, which indicates that ‘compelling reasons for the absence’ must be confined to reasons incorporating an involuntary element, involving circumstances beyond a person’s control”.

但是归根到底，这个3001 还是属于签证官或者AAT的自由裁量范围。比如 These “compelling reasons” must be sufficiently powerful to lead the relevant decision-maker to make a positive finding in favour of waiving the required criteria: Babicci v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs [2005] FCAFC 77; 141 FCR 285, [24] (Tamberlin, Conti and Jacobson JJ).

所以如果你是黑民，如果不是由于不可抗力变成黑民，基本上是无法在移民局取得3001的豁免。如果去AAT 上庭，如果你有长期关系 目前来看你的胜率是25%，或者有小孩，你的胜率目前来看是50%。

第二种方法就是澳洲出生的小朋友满10岁可以获得澳洲国籍。

Section 12 of the Australian Citizenship Act states:

12    Citizenship by birth 

(1)  A person born in Australia is an Australian citizen if and only if:

(a)  a parent of the person is an Australian citizen, or a permanent resident, at the time the person is born; or

(b)  the person is ordinarily resident in Australia throughout the period of 10 years beginning on the day the person is born.

这里的ordinarily resident, 和税法上确定individual residency 的 ordinary concept test 非常接近。

根据 book Australian Taxation 2nd edition page37, 法院主要考虑以下的因素

1 Frequency, regularity and duration of visits to Australia

2 Whether the taxpayer owns or maintains a house or owns other significant assets in Australia. Owning a house in Australia can be a good indicator of residency, but there can be situations where a person owns a house in Australia but is not a resident or does not own a house but can be considered a resident.

3 Extent of physical presence in country (you need to be physically here at least some of the time to be resident under this test). if you live in Australia for more than half of the year, this is a very good indicator that you are a resident (commissioner of taxation will assume you are a resident unless you can demonstrate otherwise). There are situations where people live in Australia for more than half of the year and can still prove they are not residents because of the nature of why they are in Australia, how they spend their time in Australia, and the nature of their connections in the country.

4 purpose of visits in particular whether they are family or social visits indicating social and family connections to Australia, or simply business visits.

1. The nationality of the individual (e.g. stated in the passport)

在Minister for Immigration v Sidhu Kaur [2023] FCAFC 133这个case 中，小朋友由于疫情离开澳洲超过了5年，但是仍然被认为满足ordinarily resident 的test ， 可以申请国籍。